Shailendra K. Saxena

By Shailendra K. Saxena, Sneham Tiwari, Rakhi Saxena, Asha Mathur and Madhavan P.N. Nair

Part of the book: Flavivirus Encephalitis

By Shailendra K. Saxena, Sneham Tiwari, Rakhi Saxena, Asha Mathur and Madhavan P. N. Nair

Part of the book: Encephalitis

By Shailendra K. Saxena, Sneham Tiwari and Madhavan P.N. Nair

Part of the book: Current Perspectives in HIV Infection

By Shailendra K. Saxena, Parth T. Agrawal and Madhavan P.N. Nair

Part of the book: Trends in Infectious Diseases

By Shailendra K. Saxena and Sai V. Chitti

Retroviruses consist of a varied family of enveloped RNA viruses with positive-sense RNAs that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription. Retroviruses belong to the Retroviridae family that typically carries their genetic material in the form of ribonucleic acid, while the genetic material of their hosts is in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid. Infections with a number of retroviruses can lead to serious conditions, such as AIDS, a range of malignancies, neurological diseases, and added clinical conditions. In addition, some can even become integrated as DNA in the germ line and passed as endogenous viruses from generation to generation. Surprisingly, retroviruses do not appear to straightforwardly activate host innate defenses. On the other hand, attention in these viruses extends beyond their disease causing capabilities. For example, studies on the retroviruses led to the discovery of oncogenes, understanding of mechanisms that regulate eukaryotic gene expression, and these are proving to be valuable research tools in molecular biology and have been used successfully in gene therapy. The central goals of retrovirology today are the treatment and the prevention of human and non-human diseases and to use this virus in research.

Part of the book: Advances in Molecular Retrovirology

By Shailendra K. Saxena and Sai V. Chitti

Part of the book: Proof and Concepts in Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Technologies

By Shailendra K. Saxena, Swatantra Kumar, Amrita Haikerwal and Madan L.B. Bhatt

Part of the book: Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World

By Shailendra K. Saxena, Amrita Haikerwal, Swatantra Kumar and Madan L.B. Bhatt

Part of the book: Influenza

By Shailendra K. Saxena, Swatantra Kumar, Madhu Mati Goel, Apjit Kaur and Madan LB Bhatt

Human papillomavirus (HPV) accounts for approximately 4.5% of all cancers which differs at the level of economic development and geographical regions. The life cycle of the HPV is completely dependent on the epithelium differentiation without the involvement of cell death and systemic viremia. Carcinogenesis is the consequence of viral gene expression, dysregulated cell proliferation, and genomic instability. Keratinocytes are the target cell for HPV which act as the physical and immunological barrier. In cervical carcinogenesis, the enhanced level of Th17 infiltration has been observed which increases with the disease progression and is coupled with CCL20 expression in the stromal mesenchymal compartment. IL-6 and M-CSF are known as “switch factors” which are imperative for pro-tumorigenic response in monocytes. Screening of cervical cancer includes three major procedures: cytology, nucleic acid test, and co-testing. For evaluating anal lesions, high-resolution anoscopy is performed which is similar to colposcopy. Prophylactic vaccination is the primary preventive measure to control the HrHPV infection and reduce the burden of HPV-related cancer. The precancerous stage of HPV infection includes excision, ablation, and immunotherapy. Radiotherapy is the acceptable primary treatment for the early stage of anogenital cancer, whereas for the advanced-stage metastatic cancer, palliative therapy is the only option.

Part of the book: Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus

By Shailendra K. Saxena, Swatantra Kumar, Vimal K. Maurya and Madan L.B. Bhatt

Dengue is widespread throughout the tropics globally in more than hundred countries and coincides with various climatic factors for co-infection with other flaviviral infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Dengue and Japanese encephalitis virus co-infection are highly prevalent, with diagnosis dilemma including significant mortality and morbidity in Southeast Asia. Both dengue and Japanese encephalitis transmissions intensify during the rainy season, during which the vector population increases. CNS involvement during dengue and Japanese encephalitis co-infection-associated acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is still poorly understood, and therefore, there is a desperate need to understand the etiology, therapeutics, clinical management, and prevention of these tropically neglected diseases. AES can be differentiated from other etiologies of encephalopathy through considering its essential features: sudden onset of fever, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) comprising inflammatory cells, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based confirmation, and presence of pathogen or pathogen-specific antibodies. Complementary and alternative medicine is progressively being used globally and can be effective for the overall management of this co-infection.

Part of the book: Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases